المركبات الفعالة بيولوجيا والدراسات العلمية المثبتة للفوائد الطبية للكِفِير أو الفطر الهندي - مدونة غذائيات

المراجع

Kefir type or product

نوع الكيفير أو المنتج

النتائج

Effect / Activity

التأثير /الفعالية

Farnworth, 2005; Sarkar, 2007

kefir grains

some kefir grains show β-galactosidase enzyme activity, which stays active when consumed, and kefir contains less lactose than milk

Anti-Lactose Intolerance

مضاد لعدم تحمّل اللاكتوز

de Vrese et al. (1992)

kefir

demonstrated that pigs fed with kefir showed a significant increase in galactose plasma concentrations, suggesting improvement of intestinal lactose hydrolysis by the microbial enzyme β-galactosidase

Maeda, et al. (2004) 

kefiran

it reduces the level of glucose in the blood and maintains the normal blood sugar level

Anti-diabetic

مضاد للسكري

Wang et al. (2009

Lactobacillus plantarum MA2

significant reduction in serum levels of total cholesterol, low density lipoproteins (LDL) and triglycerides, while there was no change in high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) levels in mice fed cholesterol-rich a diet supplemented with Lactobacillus plantarum MA2. Moreover, total cholesterol and triglycerides in the liver were also reduced. Cholesterol and triglycerides in animal feces, on the other hand, increased significantly

Hypocholesterolemic

مخفض للكولستيرول

(Liu et al., 2006

kefir

reduction of serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels, especially the non-HDL-C fraction.

Thoreux and Schmucker (2001),

feeding with kefir

increase in the specific mucosal immune response (IgA) against the cholera toxin in mice

Immunomodulatory

معدّل للمناعة

Vinderola et al. (2005)

kefir

immunomodulation ability of kefir in the immune response of the intestinal mucosa of mice was demonstrated.

Recently, Hong et al. (2009)

LAB isolated from kefir grains

 in vitro, the immunomodulating capacity of LAB isolated from kefir grains was demonstrated, suggesting their influence on the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α by TLR-2.

. Adiloğlu A, Gönülateş N, Işler M, Senol A. 2013

kefir Bioactive peptides

induce activation of macrophages and phagocytosis and nitric oxide (NO) production

. Liu J-R, Wang S-Y, Lin Y-Y, Lin C-W2002 ;

 Tellez A, Corredig M, Brovko LY, Griffiths MW. 2010;

. Jain S, Yadav H, Sinha PR, Marotta F. 2009;

.

The secretion of TNF-α and cytokines such as IL-5 [34], IL-6 [35], IL-1β [35, 36], IL-12 [36] is increased, and secretion of IL-8 is decreased. [34].

34. Liu J-R, Wang S-Y, Lin Y-Y, Lin C-W 2002 ;

kefir Bioactive peptides

High level of IL-5 and TNF-α will lead to high level of IgA secretion. The decreased level of IL-8 may control inflammatory response by suppressing chemotaxis and activation of neutrophils

37. Hong WS, Chen YP, Chen MJ. 2010;

 38. Díaz-Ropero M, Martin R, Sierra S, Lara-Villoslada F, Rodriguez J, Xaus J, et al. 2007 ;

Suppressed T helper 2 immune response and activated T helper 1 immune response induce anti-allergic effect

(Farnworth, 2005; Furukawa et al., 1992).

kefiran

Stimulation of the immune system may also occur due to the action of exopolysaccharides found in kefir grains

Medrano et al. (2011)

observed that kefiran was able to modify the balance of the immune cells in the intestinal mucosa-

Rodrigues et al., 2005

Kefir gel and kefiran

mice after a seven-day treatment

Anti-inflammatory

مضاد للإلتهابات

(Deniz et al., 2003

Kefir gel and kefiran

a model in which granulomatous tissue and writhing is induced by acetic acid in mice

Husseini et al. (2012)

Kefir gel and kefiran

burns infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice

Healing Activity

فعالية شفائية

Huseini et al. [123]

kefir gels

kefir gels were very effective in the treatment of severe burns, with less inflammation and better epithelization and scar formation than the silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene) positive control

 42. Ozcan A, Kaya N, Atakisi O, Karapehlivan M, Atakisi E, Cenesiz S. 2009;

kefir

increases the level of glutathione peroxidase and decreases the level of malondialdehyde, involved in the control of oxidative stress

Antioxidant / anti-ageing

 مضاد للأكسدة /مضاد للشيخوخة

 43. Liu J-R, Lin Y-Y, Chen M-J, Chen L-J, Lin C-W 2005 ;

kefir

kefir can bind to 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide radicals and also inhibit the linoleic acid peroxidation

Guven and Gulmez (2003)

kefir

higher protective effect against damage induced in mice by carbon tetrachloride

Ghoneum et al. 2015

Lactobacillus kefiri 

Probiotics fermentation technology (PFT) kefir grain product stimulated the production of antiviral cytokines, IFN-α and IFN-λ(IL29) in DCs. Additionally, PFT at 100 µg/mL activated moDCs prime CD4+T cells and significantly increased the levels of IL-10, IFN-γ, and TNF-α by 1.7

Antiviral

مضاد فيروسي

. Santos et al. (2003)

kefir grains lactobacilli

E. coli, L. monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, Shigella flexneri and Y. enterocolitica

Antibacterial

مضاد بكتيري

. Silva et al. (2009

brown sugar kefir

Candida albicans, Salmonella Typhi, Shigella sonnei, Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli by kefir cultured in brown sugar

Chifiriuc et al. (2011

milk fermented with kefir grains

Bacillus subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, E. faecalis and S. Enteritidis

(Rodrigues et al., 2005

kefiran

bacteria and C. albicans).

(Rodrigues et al., 2005

kefiran

C. albicans.

Antifungal

 مضاد فطري

Gamba et al.2016

kefir fermented milk

kefir cell-free supernatants (CFS)

Aspergillus flavus AFUNL5 

kefir supernatants

Fusarium graminearum germination, growth, and toxin production inhibition

Teruya K, Myojin-Maekawa Y, Shimamoto F, Watanabe H, Nakamichi N, Tokumaru K, et al

fermented milk kefir

Protective effect against X-ray irradiation-induced intestinal damage in B6C3F1 mice...

Antiradiation

مضاد إشعاعي

Matsuu M, Shichijo K, Okaichi K, Wen CY, Fukuda E, Nakashima M, et al

fermented milk kefir

The protective effect of fermented milk kefir on radiation induced apoptosis in colonic crypt cells of rats

45. Güzel-Seydim Z, Grene A, Tas T. 2006.

High levels of conjugated linoleic acid isomers and butyric, palmitic, palmitoleic and oleic acids in kefir

lower induced mutagenicity by methyl methane sulfonate, sodium azide and aflatoxin B1

Anti‑mutagenic

مضاد للطفرات